library(jstor)
library(purrr)
library(stringr)

Intro

The find_* functions from jstor all work on a single file. Data from DfR however contains many single files, from up to 25,000 when using the self-service functions, up to several hundreds of thousands of files when requesting a large dataset via an agreement.

Currently jstor offers two implementations to import many files: jst_import_zip() and jst_import(). The first one lets you import data directly from zip archives, the second works for file paths, so you need to unzip the archive first. I will first introduce jst_import_zip() and discuss the approach of with jst_import() afterwards.

Importing data directly from zip-archives

Unpacking and working with many files directly is unpractical for at least three reasons:

If you unzip the archive, the single files will occupy a lot more disk space than the single archive.
Before you can import the files, you need to list them via list.files or system("find...") on UNIX. Depending on the size of your data, this can take some time.
There might be different types of data in your sample (journal articles, book chapters, etc.). You need to manage matching the paths to the appropriate functions, which is extra work.

Importing directly from the zip archive simplifies all those tasks with a single function: jst_import_zip(). For the following demonstration, we will use a small sample archive that comes with the package.

As a first step, we should take a look at the archive and its content. This is made easy with jst_preview_zip():

jst_preview_zip(jst_example("pseudo_dfr.zip")) %>% knitr::kable()

type	meta_type	n
metadata	book_chapter	1
metadata	journal_article	1
metadata	pamphlet	1
ngram1	ngram1	1

We can see that we have a simple archive with three metadata files and one ngram file. Before we can use jst_import_zip(), we first need to think about, what we actually want to import: all of the data, or just parts? What kind of data do we want to extract from articles, books and pamphlets? We can specify this via jst_define_import():

import_spec <- jst_define_import(
  article = c(jst_get_article, jst_get_authors),
  book = jst_get_book,
  ngram1 = jst_get_ngram
)

In this case, we want to import data on articles (standard metadata plus information on the authors), general data on books and unigrams (ngram1). This specification can then be used with jst_import_zip():

# set up a temporary folder for output files
tmp <- tempdir()

# extract the content and write output to disk
jst_import_zip(jst_example("pseudo_dfr.zip"),
               import_spec = import_spec,
               out_file = "my_test",
               out_path = tmp)
#> Processing files for book_chapter with functions jst_get_book
#> Processing files for journal_article with functions jst_get_article, jst_get_authors
#> Processing files for ngram1 with functions jst_get_ngram

We can take a look at the files within tmp with list.files():

list.files(tmp, pattern = "csv")
#> [1] "my_test_book_chapter_jst_get_book-1.csv"      
#> [2] "my_test_journal_article_jst_get_article-1.csv"
#> [3] "my_test_journal_article_jst_get_authors-1.csv"
#> [4] "my_test_ngram1_jst_get_ngram-1.csv"

As you can see, jst_import_zip() automatically creates file names based on the string you supplied to out_file to delineate the different types of output.

If we want to re-import the data for further analysis, we can either use functions like readr::read_csv(), or a small helper function from the package which determines and sets the column types correctly:

jst_re_import(
  file.path(tmp, "my_test_journal_article_jst_get_article-1.csv")
) %>% 
  knitr::kable()

file_name	journal_doi	journal_jcode	journal_pub_id	journal_title	article_doi	article_pub_id	article_jcode	article_type	article_title	volume	issue	language	pub_day	pub_month	pub_year	first_page	last_page	page_range
journal-article-standard_case	NA	kewbulletin	NA	Kew Bulletin	10.2307/4117222	NA	NA	research-article	Two New Species of Ischaemum	5	2	eng	1	1	1950	187	188	187-188

A side note on ngrams: For larger archives, importing all ngrams can take a very long time. It is thus advisable to only import ngrams for articles which you want to analyse, i.e. most likely a subset of the initial request. The function jst_subset_ngrams() helps you with this (see also the section on importing bigrams in the case study).

Parallel processing

Since the above process might take a while for larger archives (files have to be unpacked, read and parsed), there might be a benefit of executing the function in parallel. jst_import_zip() and jst_import() use furrr at their core, therefore adding parallelism is very easy. Just add the following lines at the beginning of your script, and the import will use all available cores:

library(future)

plan(multisession)

You can find out more about futures by reading the package vignette:

vignette("future-1-overview", package = "future")

Working with file paths

The above approach of importing directly from zip archives is very convenient, but in some cases you might want to have more control over how data is imported. For example, if you run into problems because the output from any of the functions provided with the package looks corrupted, you could want to look at the original files. Alongside this, you could unzip the archive and work with the files directly, which I will demonstrate in the following sections.

Unzip containers

For simple purposes it might be sensible to unzip to a temporary directory (with temp() and unzip()) but for my research I simply extracted files to an external SSD, since I a) lacked disk space, b) needed to read them fast, and c) wanted to be able to look at specific files for debugging.

List files

There are many ways to generate a list of all files: list.files() or using system() in conjunction with find on unix-like systems are common options.

For demonstration purposes I use files contained in jstor which can be accessed via system.file:

example_dir <- system.file("extdata", package = "jstor")

`list.files`

file_names_listed <- list.files(path = example_dir, full.names = TRUE,
                                pattern = "*.xml")
file_names_listed
#> [1] "/tmp/RtmpDLzjbJ/Rinstee1136a309b/jstor/extdata/article_with_footnotes.xml" 
#> [2] "/tmp/RtmpDLzjbJ/Rinstee1136a309b/jstor/extdata/article_with_references.xml"
#> [3] "/tmp/RtmpDLzjbJ/Rinstee1136a309b/jstor/extdata/book.xml"                   
#> [4] "/tmp/RtmpDLzjbJ/Rinstee1136a309b/jstor/extdata/parsed_references.xml"

`system` and `find`

file_names <- system(paste0("cd ", example_dir, "; find . -name '*.xml' -type f"), intern = TRUE)

library(stringr)

file_names_system <- file_names %>%
  str_replace("^\\.\\/", "") %>%
  str_c(example_dir, "/", .)

file_names_system
#> [1] "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.4/Resources/library/jstor/extdata/sample_with_footnotes.xml" 
#> [2] "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.4/Resources/library/jstor/extdata/sample_book.xml"
#> [3] "/Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.4/Resources/library/jstor/extdata/sample_with_references.xml"

In this case the two approaches give the same result. The main difference seems to be though, that list.files sorts the output, whereas find does not. For a large amount of files (200,000) this makes list.files slower, for smaller datasets the difference shouldn’t make an impact.

Batch import

Once the file list is generated, we can apply any of the jst_get_*-functions to the list. A good and simple way for small to moderate amounts of files is to use purrr::map_df():

# only work with journal articles
article_paths <- file_names_listed %>% 
  keep(str_detect, "with")

article_paths %>% 
  map_df(jst_get_article) %>% 
  knitr::kable()

file_name	journal_doi	journal_jcode	journal_pub_id	journal_title	article_doi	article_pub_id	article_jcode	article_type	article_title	volume	issue	language	pub_day	pub_month	pub_year	first_page	last_page	page_range
article_with_footnotes	NA	washhistq	NA	The Washington Historical Quarterly	NA	NA	40428382	research-article	The Nisqually Journal (Continued)	13	2	eng	1	4	1922	131	141	NA
article_with_references	NA	tranamermicrsoci	NA	Transactions of the American Microscopical Society	10.2307/3221896	NA	NA	research-article	On the Protozoa Parasitic in Frogs	41	2	eng	1	4	1922	59	76	59-76

This works well if 1) there are no errors and 2) if there is only a moderate size of files. For larger numbers of files, jst_import() can streamline the process for you. This function works very similar to jst_import_zip(), the main difference being that it needs file paths as input and can only handle one type of output.

jst_import(article_paths, out_file = "my_second_test", .f = jst_get_article, 
           out_path = tmp)
#> Starting to import 2 file(s).
#> Finished importing 2 file(s) in 0.03 secs.

The result is again written to disk, as can be seen below:

list.files(tmp, pattern = "csv")
#> [1] "my_second_test-1.csv"                         
#> [2] "my_test_book_chapter_jst_get_book-1.csv"      
#> [3] "my_test_journal_article_jst_get_article-1.csv"
#> [4] "my_test_journal_article_jst_get_authors-1.csv"
#> [5] "my_test_ngram1_jst_get_ngram-1.csv"

Automating File Import